Study "bio", a flashcard deck on FORKSAI.
Which of the following elements is NOT among the most common atoms present in the large macromolecules of living organisms?
D. Sulfur. The most common atoms present in these molecules are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) are mentioned as biomolecules that some contain, but not among the most common.
What is the maximum number of electrons that the second electron shell of an atom can hold, which is relevant to carbon's bonding properties?
C. Eight electrons. The first electron shell can hold up to two electrons, and the second shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons.
Which statement accurately describes the stability and energy requirements of covalent bonds in biological molecules?
A. Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds in biological molecules, requiring the greatest energy input to break them. This provides great stability to biological molecules.
What type of carbon structure is represented by a continuous line of carbon atoms without any branching?
A. Chain. Carbon atoms can form stable chains, branched chains, and cyclic structures (rings).
What is the primary reason for the tetrahedral arrangement of carbon's four covalent bonds?
B. The four pairs of electrons repel each other, positioning themselves as far apart as possible. This causes the four covalent bonds to point to the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
What term is used to describe carbon compounds that contain carbon=carbon double bonds?
D. Unsaturated. Carbon compounds with carbon=carbon double bonds are known as unsaturated, introducing more variety to organic molecules.
Which functional group is characteristic of carbohydrates, as mentioned in the context of biological functional groups?
A. Hydroxyl group. Carbohydrates contain the hydroxyl group, fatty acids contain the carboxyl group, and lipids contain the ester group.
What is the chemically active part of a member of a series of organic molecules, which gives them their characteristic chemical properties?
B. Functional group. Functional groups are the chemically active parts of organic molecules that make them reactive and determine their unique physical and chemical properties.
Which of the following is considered an organic molecule according to the definition provided?
C. Proteins. Organic molecules are defined as those made of carbon and hydrogen, such as urea, proteins, sugars, and lipids, which are found in living organisms. Carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, and hydrogen carbonate ions are explicitly stated as not considered organic.
What is the name of the process where a new covalent bond is formed between monomers, and a molecule of water is produced?
A. Condensation. During condensation, a new covalent bond is formed, and a molecule of water is produced, linking monomers to form a polymer.